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The theme of Dreams in A Raisin in the Sun - Free Essay Example

The play, A Raisin In The Sun is staged in 1959 during a time when African-Americans could not be successful in the economy due to the extreme amounts of racism that were present. The constant encounters of prejudices and racism causes them to have to put aside their hopes and dreams to focus on trying to figure out how to overcome the obstacles that are set out in front of them. During these times, the Great Depression had begun. The Great Depression of the 1930s worsened the already unpromising economic situation of African Americans. They were laid off from their jobs, and they suffered from an unemployment rate two to three times more than whites. In early public assistance programs African Americans often received substantially less aid than whites, and some charitable organizations even excluded blacks from their soup kitchens. The Civil Rights movement was also coming about. While we dont see a single raisin in the play, we do see a lot of deferred dreamsthe dreams represent the raisin. At the end, one dream is fulfilled. African-Americans believe in the American dream but do not realize how limited their success is when you are a person of color. Hansberry portrays this by showing the different struggles the Younger family goes through during the times they are in. The entire Younger family has different ideas of what the familys money should be used for. Mama has dreams of moving her family out of their current house and into a house with a yard where children can play and she can tend to her own garden. Ruths dream is very similar to Mamas. She wants to build a happy family and believes another step toward this goal is to buy a bigger and better place to live for the family. Beneathas dream is to become a doctor. She also intends to save her race from ignorance. Beneatha lived in a time when society expected women to focus on building homes rather than their own careers. Walter dreams of becoming a wealthy father and providing for his family like the rich people he drives around do for their families. He frames this dream in terms of his family†he dreams of giving the family what he has never had. He feels like a slave to his familys economic hardship. The protagonist of, A Raisin in the Sun is Walter Lee. His gift is ambition. Walter has the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through determination,initiative, and hard work. Walter Lees, along with several other African-Americans during this time, success was limited. Success to Walter, was measured by how much money a man had in his pocket and what he could do for his family. Others, like Beneatha and Mama, see success as how comfortable you are with your lifestyle. As the date of the check coming approaches, Walter becomes more and more anxious to figure out how the family can use the insurance money to make more money. Walter wants to use the money to invest in a liquor store. The American Dream was often deferred during the time that the Youngers live in. Their prolonged dreams, countless obstacles they faced everyday. All of the familys dreams were deferred. Mamas dream has been delayed since she and her husband moved into the apartment that the Youngers still stay in now. Every day, her dream provides her with an incentive to make money. But no matter how much she and her husband strived, they could not get enough money to make their dream a reality. The resulting insurance money and his death present Mamas first opportunity to realize her dream. Ruths dream is also deferred by a lack of money, which forces her and Walter to live in a crowded apartment where their son must sleep on a sofa. Beneathas dream is deferred because of the money Walter loses. Her dream is also a dream for all women. Walters dream has been deferred by his poverty and inability to find decent employment. He attributes his lack of job prospects to racism, a claim that may be part ially true but is also a crutch. Over the course of the play, his understanding of his dream of gaining material wealth evolves, and by plays end, it is no longer his top priority. Over the course of the play, Walters ambition starts to basically take him over. His money-hungry attitude causes him to spend the money in foolish and crazy ways, instead of doing what Mama intended him to do with the money. She gives him the remaining $6,500 of the insurance money and tells Walter to deposit $3,000 for Beneathas education and to keep the last $3,500. With this money, Mama says, Walter should become, and should act like he has become, the head of the family. Walter suddenly becomes more energized and confident. He talks to Travis about his plans, and he then says that he is going to make a transaction that will make the family more wealthy. Walters excitement builds while he talks about his dream of their future house and cars, as well as Traviss college education. Walters foolish spending of the money teaches one thing and that is that you should follow your dream and take the risk that comes along with it. If you believe in something and know theres a potential risk that comes along with it, you should still follow through with it because the outcome could very well be in your favor. It is easy for someone to give up on something they dream about and face the harsh realities that are set out in front of them, but it takes courage and confidence for someone to overlook those harsh realities and focus on making their dream come true. Walters aspirations push him to strive and achieve his goals. Beneathas dreams are the hardest to achieve. During these times, women were not expected to want to be doctors, lawyers, dentists,etc. They were expected to stay home and raise families while the men went out to get jobs. This was even the case for white families. White women were expected to stay home while the men went out to do labor and make the familys money. Beneatha was proving people wrong and following her original dreams. If Beneatha had settled for staying at home and raising a family, she would be following the societal norm that had been set. Beneatha is different and set apart from the other members of the Younger family because she is far better educated and has wider horizons. Walter thinks she should let her dreams of becoming a doctor go. He thinks she should stay home and raise a family. He wants Beneatha to be a housewife. When Walter and Ruth were in the kitchen, Walter began to rant on about how he was tired of his living conditions and wanted something better. Ruth told him to eat his eggs. Walter went on to say, Damn these eggs!! The quote represents all of the tension tied into their relationship. There is no tenderness. Walter also has his head in the clouds so Ruth tries to keep him within reality. Walter also jumps from dream to dream like Beneatha. He is also confused about what he wants to do in his life. Mama compares her children to the plant in the window. The only way for the plant to see is through the one window of the house. The children are the plant and the check is the window for them. Her children have grown. She has always wanted a prosperous garden and prosperous children. Mama wants nothing more for her children but for them to have great lives and be successful in their future. She wants them to prosper in everything they do. This goes back to the American Dream. They do not have equal rights like the whites in the world. Whites in this time have little to no obstacles stopping them from being what they want to be or going where they want to go. A Raisin in the Sun is mostly about dreams, the main characters struggle to deal with the oppressive circumstances that rule their lives. The title of the play references a conjecture that Langston Hughes famously posed in a poem he wrote about dreams that were forgotten. He wonders if these dreams in the play shrivel up like a raisin in the sun. Every member of the Younger family has an individual and separate dreams †Beneatha wants to become a doctor, and Walter wants to earn more money so that he can afford certain things for his family. The Younger family continues to struggle to attain these dreams throughout the entirety of the play, and much of the familys happiness and depression is directly related to their attainment of, or failure to attain, these dreams. At the end of the play, the family learns that the dream of a house is the most important dream because it keeps the family whole.

What Was the Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a series of systemic changes in the pronunciation of English vowels that occurred in southern England during the late Middle English period (roughly the period from Chaucer to Shakespeare). According to linguist Otto Jespersen, who coined the term, The great vowel shift consists in a general raising of all long vowels (A Modern English Grammar, 1909).  In  phonetic  terms, the GVS involved the raising and fronting of the long, stressed monophthongs.   Other  linguists have challenged this traditional view.  Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden, for example, argues that the concept of a GVS as a unitary event is illusory, that the changes started earlier than has been assumed, and that the changes . . . took longer to be completed than most handbooks claim (Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700, 2016).   In any event, the Great Vowel Shift had a profound effect on English pronunciation and spelling, leading to many changes in the correspondences between vowel letters and vowel phonemes.   Examples and Observations By the early Modern English period . . . all the long vowels had shifted: Middle English Ä“, as in sweete sweet, had already acquired the value [i] that it currently has, and the others were well on their way to acquiring the values that they have in current English. . . .These changes in the quality of the long, or tense, vowels constitute what is known as the Great Vowel Shift. . . .The stages by which the shift occurred and the cause of it are unknown. There are several theories, but the evidence is ambiguous.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) The evidence of spellings, rhymes, and commentaries by contemporary language pundits suggest that [the Great Vowel Shift] operated in more than one stage, affected vowels at different rates in different parts of the country, and took over 200 years to complete.(David Crystal, The Stories of English. Overlook, 2004) Prior to the GVS, which took place over around 200 years, Chaucer rhymed food, good and blood (sounding similar to goad). With Shakespeare, after the GVS, the three words still rhymed, although by that time all of them rhymed with food. More recently, good and blood have independently shifted their pronunciations again.(Richard Watson Todd, Much Ado About English: Up and Down the Bizarre Byways of a Fascinating Language. Nicholas Brealey, 2006) The standardization described by the GVS may simply have been the social fixation upon one variant among several dialectical options available in each case, a variant selected for reasons of community preference or by the external force of printing standardization and not as a result of a wholesale phonetic shift.(M. Giancarlo, quoted by Seth Lerer in Inventing English. Columbia University Press, 2007) The Great Vowel Shift and English Spelling One of the primary reasons that this vowel shift has become known as the Great Vowel Shift is that it profoundly affected English phonology, and these changes coincided with the introduction of the printing press: William Caxton brought the first mechanized printing press to England in 1476. Prior to mechanized printing, words in the handwritten texts had been spelled pretty much, however, each particular scribe wanted to spell them, according to the scribes own dialect. Even after the printing press, however, most printers used the spellings that had begun to be established, not realizing the significance of the vowel changes that were underway. By the time the vowel shifts were complete in the early 1600s, hundreds of books had been printed that used a spelling system that reflected the pre-Great Vowel Shift pronunciation. So the word goose, for example, had two os to indicate a long /o/ sound, /o:/--a good phonetic spelling of the word. However, the vowel had shifted to /u/; thus goose, moose, food, and other similar words that we now spell with oo had mismatched spelling and pronunciation. Why didnt printers just change the spelling to match the pronunciation? Because by this time, the new increased volume of book production, combined with increasing literacy, resulted in a powerful force against spelling change.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Scots Dialects Older Scots dialects were only partially  affected by the Great Vowel Shift that revolutionized English pronunciation in the sixteenth century. Where English accents replaced the long uu vowel in words like house  with a diphthong (the two separate vowels heard in the southern English pronunciation of house), this change did not happen in Scots. Consequently, modern Scots dialects have preserved the Middle English uu in words like how and now; think of the Scots cartoon The Broons (The Browns). (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016)

Why Is Success So Strongly Behind The Idea Of Whiteness...

Why is success so strongly tied to the idea of whiteness? As a child in a predominantly white area, many people said I acted white—along with many other black kids. How is it that as a dark skinned black woman I could act the color white? Well, white wasn’t simply referring to color or heritage rather any and all positive attributes a person would ever wish to possess. They saw my knowledge, my intelligence, my solid upbringing, the manner in which I carried myself as white. Furthermore, my positive traits made me worthy of whiteness. It was quiet bothersome that anything positive made me white, ignoring the fact that many black people were like myself and I was not an anomaly. However, the moment I became angry, did something bad or incorrect, they would say â€Å"there’s the black in you.† This thought process isn’t unique to my small town. Unfortunately, many people think like this. The image of blackness has been painted as disgraceful and negat ive, while the image of whiteness is painted as elegant and positive. Society has socially constructed whiteness as the goal for success, by disparaging blackness. The image of blackness is often inaccurately displayed. For example, texts like Conrad’s Heart of Darkness do much harm to the image of the blackness. Conrad portrays Africans as savages and depicts the land that they valued as worthless: â€Å"Land in a swamp, march through the woods, and in some inland post feel the savagery, the utter savagery†¦he has to live in the midstShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The American Criminal Justice System Essay2916 Words   |  12 Pages14 Racism in the American Criminal Justice System Mia Hayat Antioch University Abstract This paper discusses the social justice issue of discrimination in the American criminal justice system. It reveals the history behind the integrated racism in the system and its effect on people of color. 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Best Buy Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

Best Buy is an international retail merchant of consumer electronics. place office merchandises. amusement package. contraptions. engineering. mobile phone merchandises and services. Best Buy has operations in the United States. Canada. Mexico. China. and Europe. North America histories for 1. 400 of the shops and there are over 2. 600 shops in China and Europe ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 57. 2011 ) . In the United States. Best Buy is the largest consumer electronics retail merchant with reported grosss of $ 37. 1 billion in 2011 ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 62. 2011 ) . Best Buy has outlasted their major rivals. CompUSA ( 2007 ) and Circuit City ( 2009 ) . in the face of a recession and a decrease in consumer discretional disbursement. With Best Buy emerging as the giant in consumer electronics from a brick and howitzer point of view. they are faced with worsening marketshare to companies such as Amazon. eBay. WalMart. and Costco. Best Bargain must non acquire into monetary value wars with their competition. as it will be really hard for them to vie with the likes of Wal-Mart. It is besides of import for Best Buy to sell the â€Å"shopping† experience. client service. and client support to assist them recover marketshare from their online rivals. The undermentioned pages will assist give Best Buy way on how to vie succsussfully in the demanding market of consumer electronics. Problem/Opportunity Statement Even though Best Buy is the industry leader in consumer electronics. they continue to lose market portion to online rivals such as Amazon. eBay. and other brick and howitzer shops of Wal-Mart and Costco who are selling the same merchandise for less. Amazon presently has an app that allows you to scan the barcode of a merchandise and see what the monetary value is on Amazon. This has led to the unfortunate moniker for Best Buy as â€Å"Amazon’s Showroom† ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 57. 2011 ) . Looking at the tabular array below. you can see that between 2008 and 2009. Amazon gained what Best Buy lost in market portion. Beginning: World Wide Web. retrevo. com In order for Best Buy to win in a downward spiraling market. they must acquire back to rudimentss concentrating on client service. cut downing the size of their mega-stores. and increase their presence with Internet gross revenues. External Environment Analysis Demographic Section: Due to the huge array of merchandises that Best Buy offers. there is no individual client profile accounting for a important part of overall gross revenues ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 59. 2011 ) . The United States is confronting an aging population and Best Buy should look at offering merchandises and usage selling attacks that appeal to older clients ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 59. 2011 ) . With college age consumers fighting to happen occupations in a tightening market. their discretional disbursement has been reduced. Women besides have been increasing their influence and buying power. something that can non be overlooked by Best Buy. Economic Section: The economic lag has affected the concern operations of Best Buy and they are confronting consumer related challenges at every point in the market. Due to the economic lag in the United States. dramatic and long lasting alterations have occurred in the behaviours of consumers. In 2008. Best Bargain announced that all of its corporate employees were eligible for a voluntary seperation bundle in order to significantly cut down their corporate disbursals ( ecoustics. com. 2008 ) . Political/Legal Segment When Best Bargain entered the Asiatic market by geting Jiangsu Five Star Appliance Company. they helped bridge the larning curve of international policies and processs by partnering with a elephantine that was already in the market place. Best Buy is acute to heighten equal chances as it is committed to a policy of Equal Employment Opportunity ( EEO ) and maintains an Affirmative Action plan ( Best Buy ) . Sociocultural Section Because attitudes and values form the conerstone of a society. they frequently drive demographic. economic. political/legal. and technological conditoins and alterations ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 45. 2011 ) . A important alteration in the sociocultural section is adult females in the work force have increased significantly over the past twosome of decennaries as seen below. Another sociocultural section that can non be overlooked is teleworking ( working remote ) from your place or an off-site location. The U. S. teleworking population in 2010 was estimated at 26. 2 million – about 20 % of the U. S. grownup working population ( Elliot. 2011 ) . As progresss in engineering make this tendency a world. more associates will necessitate to be better equiped from working from place. something that Best Bargain can surely capitalise on. Technolgical Section There is no inquiry that Best Buy normally houses the latest merchandises that are on the taking border of engineering. Best Buy is extremely equipped with the latest appliances and engineering it requires to ease its client base. Best Bargain introduced a program in 2011 called â€Å"Future Proofs Program† ( which is no longer offered ) . This program allowed the client to buy â€Å"protection† for $ 49. 99 allwoing them to merchandise in their merchandise ( for shop recognition ) if a newer theoretical account came out within two old ages of original purchase ( Bertolucci. 2011 ) . Presently they merely offer this program on nomadic phone service. Best Buy besides utilizes engineering called chink watercourse which monitors their customer’s cyberspace web site activity and helps them to develop visitors’ penchants and likes assisting them understand how visitants use their web site ( Best Buy Privacy Hub ) . Global Section Newly industrialized and developing states are a major country where Best Buy should be concentrating their attnention for growing. Best Buy shops in the U. S. will go on to worsen every bit long as the consumer is being more economical with their discretional disbursement. Developing Countries will go on to take planetary growing and have the best chance for success ( Pereira. 2011 ) . The states shown on the map below in yellow should be a focal point for senior leading at Best Buy as they are presently the fastest developing states. [ movie ] Beginning: World Wide Web. viewsoftheworld. cyberspacePhysical Environment SectionIn today’s environmental friendly deranged universe. consumers and organisations need to be protective of our environment to assist guarantee that our kids and grandchildren can bask what we have become accustomed to. Best Buy launched a plan called â€Å"Greener Together† to assist cut down the degree of waste by using reclaimable packaging and disposing system along with increasing energy efficiency in its merchandises. Best Buy started a run in 2009 ( Best Buy wants your electronic debris ) offering free recycling of all electronic constituents both big and little ( Gunther. 2009 ) . Best Buy is on the right path with the Physical Environment Segment and must go on to be a leader traveling frontward to assist guarantee their success in the industry. Five Forces Analysis Decision The U. S. economic system. every bit good as other planetary economic systems. is improbable to bring forth at the same degrees that they were sing for at least a few more old ages. The lodging market is easy get downing to stabilise. but until it is on a continual upward tendency. consumer’s discretional disbursement will go on to stay low. This in term poses a menace to Best Buy as their merchandises are considered luxury goods and otherwise unneeded – needs versus wants. Best Buy besides is faced with increased long-run competition from price reduction rivals such as Costco. Wal-Mart. and Amazon. These companies will go on to seek market portion and competition will merely go fiercer. Internet retailing besides is become more fecund in today’s society. Best Buy must concentrate on smaller shops ( extinguish or cut down their mega warehouses ) and increase their presence on cyberspace retailing. The two biggest things Best Buy needs to concentrate on traveling frontward are: 1 ) How they can vie with their biggest rivals ( Wal-Mart. Amazon. and Costco ) . and 2 ) How can they derive market portion while consumer’s discretional income is continually being reduced. Execution Best Buy’s consumer electronics comprise 37 % of gross revenues ( 21 % International ) ( Hitt. Ireland. A ; Hoskisson. pg. 57. 2011 ) . With cosnumer disbursement fastening on luxury goods. Best Buy must concentrate on other countries that they already have in topographic point. Geek Squad services accounted for 6 % of gross in the U. S. and 9 % Internationally. Best Bargain must beef up consumers point of views on their committedness to excellent engineering and support services. With luxury passing down. consumers may look to better their bing engineering without buying new points. an country where Geek Squad can assist hike Best Buy’s underside line. Best Buy besides needs to sell the â€Å"shopping† expereience to entice consumers off from internet competitiors. To assist with this â€Å"shopping† experience. Best Bargain must scale down their mega warehouses and give the consumer a more intiment shopping experience. Look at the Apple brick and howitz er shops. they are about 1/5 the size of a Best Buy superstore. It is besides imperative that Best Buy refocus their comittment to supply mid to high terminal merchandises to assist them divide from low cost rivals such as Wal-Mart. If Best Buy tries to vie in pricing wars with Wal-Mart. they will go on to lose market portion to all of their rivals. A solid roadmap for Best Buy to follow can be found within their name itself: B – Best picks in the industry ( Mid to High merchandise choice ) E – Energetic work force ( Sell the shopping experience ) S – Satisfaction guaranteed ( the merely manner to travel to gain consumer assurance ) T – Trusted by everyone ( transport trade names that can present the best impact to the consumer ) B – Build enduring relationships ( guarantee you have repeat clients ) U – Understand the client ( be ready for what the client wants following ) Y – Youthful ( don’t allow the competition sneek up and take you under ) Best Buy has lasted longer than their brick and howitzer shop opposite numbers. They must now recover market portion amongst their on-line competition to go on to be a feasible company. Mentions Bertolucci. J. ( 2011. January 11 ) . Best Buy Launches â€Å"Future-Proof† Buy Back Program. Retrieved January 26. 2013. from PCWorld: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pcworld. com/article/216497/best_buy_launches_future_proof_buy_back_program. hypertext markup language Best Bargain. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved January 26. 2013. from Equal Employment Opportunity: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bestbuy-jobs. com/bestbuy/equal-employment-opportunity/ Best Buy Privacy Hub. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved January 26. 2013. from Best Buy:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bestbuy. com/site/Help-Topics/Privacy- Policy/pcmcat204400050062. c? id=pcmcat204400050062 A ; DCMP=rdr2623 # privacy_cookies ecoustics. com. ( 2008. December 17 ) . Retrieved January 26. 2013. from Best Buy Continues To Prepare For Difficult Economic Environment: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ecoustics. com/electronics/products/new/536287. hypertext markup language Elliot. A. -M. ( 2011. October 10 ) . Mashable. Retrieved January 26. 2013. from How the Remote Workforce Is Changing: hypertext transfer protocol: //mashable. com/2011/10/10/remote-workforce-changing/ Gunther. M. ( 2009. December 1 ) . Best Bargain wants your electronic debris. Retrieved January 27. 2013. from Fortune: hypertext transfer protocol: //money. cnn. com/2009/11/30/technology/best_buy_recycling. fortune/index. htm Hitt. M. A. . Hoskisson. R. E. . A ; Ireland. R. D. ( 2011 ) . Strategic Management ( 10th erectile dysfunction ) . Mason. Ohio: South-Western. Cengage. Pereira. E. ( 2011. January 12 ) . Developing Countries Will Lead Global Growth in 2011 says World Bank. Retrieved January 27. 2013. from Forbes: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. forbes. com/sites/evapereira/2011/01/12/developing-countries-will-lead-global-growth-in-2011-says-world-bank/ ***Cover Page Photograph courtesy of Best Buy: World Wide Web. bestbuy. com*** Menace of new entrantsLow to moderate- High capital required ( high stock list turnover necessitating big stock lists. Online retail merchants pose the biggest menace. Dickering power of providersModerate to High – Companies must maintain their stock list fresh with up-to-date engineering from a limited figure of top providers.

Controversial Ads Essay Example

Controversial Ads Paper Every second of the day, no matter where you are, you are influenced by advertisements. As we drive down the highway listening to the radio we hear advertisements through commercials and look out the window to see huge billboards. When surfing the internet advertisements pop up, and while watching television advertisements are viewed even more. These advertisements focus on catching the eye of the beholder. Some focus their attention towards adults, some towards kids, and some are accidentally catching both eyes. The advertisement industry has now started to promote sex and comedy as a way to sell their items. Billboards now show scantily clad women over one hundred feet tall on the sides of highways and sexual oriented advertisements now pop up on the internet while visiting various sites. Television now has a Miller Lite commercial with women wrestling in water and Budweiser had a commercial with frogs speaking to promote beer. Trojan Condoms advertises with exploding geysers to promote their condoms. Monetary gains may be occurring because some believe sex and comedy sells, but because of these advertisements our children are being influenced to act inappropriately at a very young age. Children do not need to be influenced by this advertising. The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown University released December 17 a report saying that Americas youth has been overexposed to alcohol advertising (Craig). Beer companies absolutely advertise toward adolescents. One has to think about who the Budweiser frog campaign was for. The WB has alcohol ads during Dawsons Creek and Smallville, and thats a thirteen to eighteen year old audience. It could be because its prime time, but its questionable. We will write a custom essay sample on Controversial Ads specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Controversial Ads specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Controversial Ads specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (Craig) Why do companies need to aim alcohol towards the youth of our world today? These alcohol companies know exactly what they are doing. It was found that if you look at the profit margins of alcohol manufactures, a significant portion are underage consumers. They know theyre advertising for adolescents (Craig). Under aged drinking accounts for nearly fifty-three billion dollars worth of revenue for alcohol companies each year. (Miller) Twenty-two million teenagers some seventy-seven percent of all twelve to eighteen year-olds in the U. S. (we didnt even count kids under twelve or between nineteen and twenty) watch television after 9 p. m. when booze ads routinely grace the airwaves. (Miller) The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown released a study reporting that alcohol companies were reaching Americas youths with advertising more effectively than they were with adults(Craig). Government agencies wonder why so many underage people drink. They allow these companies to purposely advertise towards the adolescents of our society. Why doesnt our government do anything about it? It is obviously because the alcohol tax is one of the biggest means of income that our government has. In 1995 the United States government received around nine and a half billion dollars in revenue from alcohol taxes. (Young) Our government should take a little bit more money out of this revenue to promote more safe drinking habits and teach more classes on why underage drinking is so hazardous. Not only is it wrong that these alcohol companies target our adolescents and the government does nothing about it, but it is wrong that these companies are influencing peoples moral character. Our moral integrity is being challenged every second of the day now. As a nineteen year old male, these advertisements promoting sex are very much what I want to see. But as a nineteen year old Catholic male, with some integrity, I do not believe that women should be perceived to the public in this way and I do not need to see this. When you have women wrestling in water ripping each others clothes off and men cheering them on, you have crossed the line in advertising. Women are not merely objects for which we compete, but are on the other hand an object of our affection. Women deserve the same amount of respect as any other human being upon this earth. If they are trying to advertise towards younger males with this, why dont they have men wrestle and advertise towards younger women? Obviously it is because of who they are targeting. These companies know men drink more than women. But by using them as objects of sex, they are declining them of all forms of respect. Our youth today is not only being affected by alcohol commercials, but also commercials promoting safe sex. One of the most often viewed commercials out there promoting safe sex is the Trojan Condoms commercial. During this commercial a geyser explodes in the background while two people are making out due to sensational pleasure. Sex is not something that should be taken so light heartedly by the youth of our world. Sex is something sacred, and a persons virginity should be held sacred until marriage. These horrific advertisements are portraying to our youth that sex is something that all should enjoy whenever they please. Yes we should all enjoy sex, but only at the right time in our lives. More teenagers today are becoming pregnant than ever before, and it is because our advertising world is telling them it is alright to engage in sexual acts at such a young age. In the 1980s around twenty-one percent of women fifteen to nineteen became pregnant. In the 1990s that number rose to around twenty-four percent for these fifteen to nineteen year old women. (Guttmacher Institute) Many teens are also contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The number of teens nationwide who are infected with an STD is staggering. A report from the Austin, Texas-based Medical Institute for Sexual Health finds that 1 out of 4 teenagers currently have or have had a sexually transmitted disease. (Albernaz) Some believe that a condom can protect them from the transfer of fluid. Well it does not. It is only there to reduce the risk of STDs and unwanted pregnancies. Why must we be put into these situations? There is no way to avoid them. Our life is judged in the end on how we live our lives today. The people involved in creating these horrific advertisements do not need to be destroying our chances to be judged righteously. They are condemning themselves and they do not need to condemn the lives of others. They may be looking for monetary gains, but what they need to be looking at is the effect they are having on the minds and actions of our worlds youth. Every year more and more people die in alcohol related accidents due to under aged drinking, and more and more youth pregnancies and STDs are occurring. It seems that these companies, by advertising to the youth, are advertising to promote under aged drinking and sexual acts reserved for marriage. Not only does it need to stop and but these advertisements need to stop now!

Group Counseling

Group Counseling Introduction Group counseling is a type of therapy that involves a small group of people sharing a similar experience or similar problems. Individuals who are experiencing difficulties that they wish to resolve usually involve the use of counseling to help them deal with these difficulties. Group counseling sessions are usually designed to deal with specific problems that the individual is usually aware of prior to joining the group.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Group Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The members of the group establish their own individual goals which they use during the group counseling sessions so that they can empathize and support one another (Jacobs et al, 2009). Christian group counseling is a type of counseling that is conducted by a Christian group counselor where the group therapy is mostly focused on Christ and biblical teachings. The role of the Holy Trinity plays an important part in Christian counseling as members are offered a theological perspective on how to deal with their problems (Tan, 2011). During Christian counseling sessions, the teachings of the Bible act as a source of support and inspiration for the members, helping them to change their self defeating behavior which caused them to be admitted into the group counseling program. This form of therapy therefore offers a fundamentally different experience from that of normal group counseling. Christianity based group therapy offers the various members of the group with a sense of belonging as biblical teachings are used to help the members deal with their psychological problems. The use of Christianity and Christian based principles enables the members of the group to have a sense of self discovery to the group members where they accept parts of themselves that they did not like before. It also enables people to express themselves and relay their feelings to others during the group cou nseling session. This form of therapy has been effective in treating people who suffer from certain social vices such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and obsessive compulsive behavior and sexual addiction. The purpose of this study will be to discuss the aspect of ethics in group counseling with particular focus on Christian counseling as well as the techniques or measures that are used to uphold ethics during group counseling sessions (Corey, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Codes of Ethics in Counseling Ethical dilemmas during Christian group counseling just as with any other form of counseling are a common occurrence in every stage of the therapy sessions. Christian group leaders usually face ethical issues when they try to cater for the therapeutic needs of the group members while at the same time navigating through various ethical issues. Codes of ethics therefore become an important asset when managing the various issues that might arise during group counseling. Codes of ethics help the work of the group facilitator so that he can be able to concentrate on the therapeutic treatment of the group members. As with any other profession around the world, group counselors are obligated to follow certain codes of ethics as they perform their duties. A code of ethics basically provides the guidelines that will prohibit behavior a professional’s behavior during the performance of their work (Waack, 2004). In the field of counseling, any membership to professional associations such as the American Psychological Association (APA), American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) or the American Counseling Association (ACA) requires the counseling professional to adhere to the ethical codes of ethics and conduct when performing their work duties. Group counselors have professional obligations to observe the code of ethics set out by these organizations which will guide their duties and responsibilities during group counseling. All counselors are subject to the code of ethics that governs their profession and they have to follow the various ordinances while performing their work. The ethical dilemma however arises when the laid down codes of ethics are unable to address or anticipate emerging ethical issues which always arise during group counseling sessions. While codes of ethics are updated once in a while, they fail to reflect the current state of affairs in the counseling profession. Provisions that are rarely changed once they have been written make it difficult for them to be applied in various group counseling contexts. This makes the job of the group counselor difficult as they try to meet the therapeutic needs of their patients (Waack, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Group Counseling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whil e the professional codes of ethics that govern the work of group counselors are general in nature, they contain vital provisions that address the needs of a group’s members. For example the ACA 1997 Code of Ethics and Standards has several provisions that relate to the therapeutic treatment of groups undergoing counseling where Section A9 of the code of ethics deals with the counseling relationship that exists within the group as well as the protection of the member’s therapeutic needs. This provision requires the group facilitator to exercise ethics when administering treatment for his/her patients. Ethics in group counseling is therefore important to ensure the barriers in reducing or eliminating behavioral problems in patients are reduced (ACA, 2005). The APA Code of Conduct 2002 also has provisions that will govern the ethical responsibility of group counselors during the counseling sessions. It also provides stipulations that the counselor will use when managing t he treatment of the various people who have been placed in the group. The code incorporated a specific reference that would be used to explain ethical standards in group therapy. Section 10 of the Code of Conduct stipulates that when psychologists or group counselors provide therapeutic services to members in a group counseling session, they have to explain the roles and responsibilities of all the members in the group to ensure that there is cohesion during the counseling sessions and that group members are aware of the therapeutic needs of others. All therapists, psychologists and group counselors are subject to the requirements that are placed on their roles and responsibilities by the codes of ethics. The ethical codes stipulated by both the ACA and APA specify the limits on confidentiality that have to be followed when administering treatment to group members during the counseling sessions (Borders Brown, 2005). The AACC Codes of Ethics are different from those of ACA and APA as they are mostly founded on the seven biblical-ethical foundations the first of which bases ethical practices in counseling on Jesus Christ and his revelations in both the Old and New Testaments.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second foundation on Christian counseling is based on maintaining committed relationships with a body of believers while the third foundation requires the Christian counselor to be more spiritual and psychosocial so as to lead the group members in a spiritual process of change and transformation. The fourth foundation requires all Christian counselors to demonstrate both ethical and spiritual integrity in the course of performing their work while the fifth foundation requires Christian counselors to respect the biblical revelations based on human life. The sixth foundation of the AACC Codes of Ethics deals with the protection of the Christian counselor’s identity while the seventh foundation requires counselors to be mindful of how they represent Jesus during the counseling sessions (Tan, 2011). The role of a Christian counselor is different from that of a normal counselor where the unique characteristics that distinguish their role from that of others includes unique ass umptions which are mostly based on the Bible where their counseling activities are based on the authority of the Bible, unique goals that are mostly directed towards facilitating spiritual growth, unique methods where the Christian counselor goes beyond the general techniques of counseling by using spiritual interventions and the unique giftedness which comes from Christian spirituality and prayers (Tan, 2011). Key Ethical Concepts Ethics and ethical practice in any profession goes beyond the execution of laid down mandates or requirements that come with performing the profession. As the practice of health care and mental health continues to become more complex in today’s dynamic world, therapists and counselors face various challenges in the execution of their jobs which makes it difficult to practice ethics. Ethical issues in group counseling become more complicated as diverse individuals with diverse problems converge to share their problems in a group setting. In such com plex situations, group leaders have to demonstrate to all the members of the group that they are honest and respectful in their activities as they lead the group members during the therapy sessions (Borders Brown, 2005). While the body of literature that exists on counseling and ethical practices has increased over the years, very limited research exists on Christian counseling and ethics with particular focus on group therapy. The general research on counseling has mostly focused on understanding the various complex issues that arise as a result of ethics in the course of administering therapeutic treatment. Various research works have discussed about the ethical and moral practices that exist in counseling and psychology as well as the role of integrity, values and beliefs in ethical practices. Other aspects that have been covered include the ethical decision making models that are used by professional counselors and psychologists as they conduct group sessions where ethical deci sion making has created a lot of debate in the field of counseling and mental health psychology (Waack, 2004). For the purposes of addressing the question understudy properly, the ethical concepts in general counseling will be used. Various researchers and experts in the field have called for ethical practice while making decisions which has proven difficult for some group counselors who cannot make a compromise between ethics and therapy. This has presented a major challenge for group facilitators who under the code of ethics are required to demonstrate ethical thinking and measure the presence of ethical behavior during group counseling sessions (Baker, 2001). Group facilitators have been challenged to exercise moral principles when effecting their ethical decisions where they have to consider the individual needs of the members in the group to ensure that their therapeutic treatments are effective in dealing with the individual problems of members in the group. The application of moral principles within group counseling has to be considered carefully by the group facilitator where principles such as beneficence, autonomy and fidelity have to be practiced to ensure group therapy is effective. Autonomy in group counseling allows the members within the group to exercise freedom of choice and participation in group counseling where the general assumption is that the individual has that capability to make sound decisions (Waack, 2004). Ethics in client autonomy involves the group facilitator accepting that an individual group member is able to exercise their decision to participate or not participate in the group counseling session and not doing anything that goes against the individual member’s autonomy. Ethical issues in client autonomy usually arise as a result of the various aspects of participation and choices that members have to make when participating in group therapy. A silent member might decide to exercise autonomy by not contributing or offeri ng to share about their problems or psychological experiences that led them to group counseling. The silence of the member might be taken as resistance or refusal to participate in group matters and the challenge for the group counselor lies in getting the member to share (Waack, 2004). A skillful group facilitator can be able to get the member to participate in the group through active assistance and educating the members of the group on the various styles of participation in group counseling. The principle of beneficence requires that people should do good to others and the ethics that underlines this principle reflects harm prevention (Waack, 2004). In a group setting, group counselors could demonstrate beneficence by responding to discussions focused on psychological symptoms that lead to depression, stress or other psychological problems. The group facilitator could help the members in the group to identify common experiences they have had with depression which will eventually help them develop suitable coping strategies for their symptoms (Baker, 2001). Ethics in Group Counseling and Importance The requirements for being a Christian counselor require a person to observe Christianity and biblical teachings as well as follow the AACC Codes of Ethics which are based on biblical teachings. People who intend to be Christian counselors need to first evaluate their ethical standards and level of competence before they take over the leadership of a group. This will require them to observe the codes of ethics that govern the counseling profession for both the Christian Counselor and general counselors. As mentioned earlier, in the course of their work group counselors experience various ethical issues that are presented by the various members of the group during the counseling sessions. Some of the ethical issues that affect Christian group counselors include the psychological risks of the various members of the group, the personal relationship that the facilitat or has with the group members, informed consent, the impact of the facilitator’s personal values (Christian values) on the group, working with diverse clients and the competence of the leader to handle the various issues presented by the group members (Corey, 2008). In relation to the rights of group members, the Christian Counselor has the ethical responsibility to inform the various members of the group about their right when it comes to group counseling. One of these rights is informed consent where the group leader offers basic information to the clients before they join the group. This is meant to prepare them on what to expect during the counseling sessions so that they do not become too overwhelmed. It is therefore the ethical responsibility of the group leader to provide a description of the group as well as the ground rules and procedures that will be followed during group counseling sessions. The rights of members during group counseling involve receiving guidance f rom the group counselor on what is expected from them during the counseling sessions, receiving assistance from the group leader in implementing coping strategies for their everyday use and receiving consultation from the group leader in the event a crisis occurs (Corey et al, 2007). With regards to client confidentiality, group facilitators need to realize that confidentiality is a central ethical issue when managing a group. Confidentiality is an important component meant to ensure that there is effective group work during counseling sessions. The American Counseling Association provides a section in the ACA Code of Ethics that deals with client confidentiality during group counseling. The code of ethics stipulates that during group therapy, counselors have to explain to their group members the importance of confidentiality during the group sessions. Facilitators therefore have to maintain the confidence of group members and also impress on the other members of the group to mainta in the confidential nature of information that is revealed within the group. A good ethical practice of the group leader will be to remind the participants of the group time to time on the dangers of revealing confidential information to other people who are not members of the group (Corey, 2008). The ethical issue of psychological risks in groups is another important issue that group facilitators need to bear in mind as they conduct group counseling activities. Groups can be powerful catalysts when it comes to necessitating change in individual members but this comes with some psychological risks on members which could be drastic life changes that cause a disruption on the individual’s daily routine, destructive confrontations that might further exacerbate the psychological well being of the individual and harmful socialization processes between the various members of the group which might cause an individual’s personality to change. The group leader has to realize th at groups in group counseling present certain risks once the initial stage of the counseling has been completed (Waack, 2004). The group leader therefore has to protect the members from all the negative outcomes that occur from participating in group therapy. The facilitator of the group has the ethical responsibility to ensure that group members are aware of the potential negative outcomes that might arise from taking part in group activities. The ACA Code of Ethics provides a specification for all psychologists and group counselors to deal with psychological risks where it stipulates that counselors need to take considerable precautions to protect the members of the group from any physical, emotional or psychologically damaging experiences that might ruin their group counseling experience (Hodges, 2010). The minimal ethical expectation is that group facilitators should at least discuss the advantages and disadvantages of groups when it comes to participations and sharing experienc es that are meant to help the group member change. Group facilitators should prepare their clients to deal with any problems that might arise during the group counseling experience to ensure they do not suffer from any psychological problems. Group facilitators should also be alert to any changes in the group’s members where they demonstrate completely different behavior from what would be expected after they completed their therapeutic treatment (Corliss Corliss, 2009). When it comes to the ethical issue of the facilitator client relationship, group facilitators need to realize that they have an obligation to the client to administer suitable treatments while at the same time maintaining a professional relationship with the client. Facilitators need to ensure they do not misuse their role when meeting their personal needs at the expense of the group members. In the event they do so, they commit an ethical violation which goes against the code of ethics that governs their pr ofession. The role of group counselors is to ensure group members achieve their therapy goals while at the same time maintaining ethical practices (Cottone Tarvydas, 2003). Conclusion This discussion has dealt with the ethics a Christian counselor in group counseling and how group counselors are subject to the codes of ethics that govern the counseling profession. The discussion has dealt with the codes of ethics that exist in counseling as well as the key concepts and issues that arise in group counseling. It has also dealt with ethics in counseling where various ethical issues have been discussed as well as the ethical obligation of the group facilitator in group counseling. References American Counseling Association (ACA) (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Retrieved from Baker, S. (2001). Coping-skills training for adolescents: Applying cognitive-behavioral principles to psychoeducational groups. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 26 (3), 219-227. Borders, L.D., Brown, L.L., (2005). The new handbook of counseling supervision. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Corey, G., (2008). Theory and practice of group counseling. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Callanan, P. (2007). Issues and ethics in the helping  professions. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education Corliss, L.A., Corliss, R.A., (2009). Group work: a practical guide to developing  groups in agency settings. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Cottone, R.R., Tarvydas, V.M., (2003). Ethical and professional issues in counseling. New York: Prentice Hall Hodges, S., (2010). The counseling practicum and internship manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company Jacobs, E.E., Masson, R.L., Harvill, R.L., (2009). Group counseling. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education Tan, S.Y., (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: a Christian perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Publishing Group Waack, J.L., (2004). Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy. Michigan: Sage Publications